By Raphael Obu Nyarkotey PhD
When you drink too much water, your kidneys can’t get rid of the excess water. The sodium content of your blood becomes diluted. This is called hyponatremia and it can be life-threatening. I have also observed with keen interest why plants do not do well in waterlogged areas and kept asking whether too much water consumption could have a serious health impact on humans as well? Maybe, let me put it this way: why are Plants Affected by Too Much Water?
The reason after research was that plants need to breathe. They breathe through their roots and when there
is too much water, the roots cannot take in gases. It is actually slowly suffocating when there is too much water for a plant. So what about humans?
Do you drink too much water as a result of water therapy hype? Drinking enough water to stay hydrated is significant for diverse reasons- for instance, averting fatigue, regulating blood pressure, and even controlling hunger. But is there a thing like too much water?
The answer is yes, there is! water intoxication (a severe form of hyponatremia) is regarded to be a life-threatening emergency that must be diagnosed and treated quickly to avert grave complications. In this article, we’ll look at the dangers associated with drinking too much water, plus how much water should actually be consumed daily for optimal hydration.
Water Intoxication?
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, 2017, defined water intoxication as a lowered blood concentration of sodium (hyponatremia). The term “water intoxication” is generally used to refer to hyponatremia that occurs due to the consumption of excess water without adequate replacement of sodium, as may happen during strenuous exercise. It also has different names such as water poisoning, hyperhydration, or excessive water intake. They all explained the same serious health condition that is caused by an electrolyte imbalance — specifically having too much water (H2O) in the
blood in relation to sodium.
Hence, hyponatremia implies low sodium levels in the blood (the term, which has Latin and Greek
roots, literally means “insufficient salt in the blood”). Water intoxication, or hyponatremia, is the
opposite of hypernatremia, the condition that occurs due to dehydration (low levels of body water).
The Causes of Water Intoxication:
Water intoxication is preventable. However, there are many Studies that affirmed that, water intoxication occurs in hospitalized patients and those with mental disturbances, although it can also affect people who are otherwise healthy says, Levy, 2018. It has again been demonstrated in diverse clinical circumstances:
Compulsive water drinking is known as psychogenic polydipsia. This is most often associated with either mental illness or mental handicaps.
Water intoxication is commonly associated with a combination of drinking lots of fluids and also having increased secretion of vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone), which causes the kidneys to hold onto water.
Young people who are in good health, such as athletes or army recruits, might develop hyponatremia (overhydration) following heat-related injuries. They may drink a high volume of water to try to prevent dehydration, but this can backfire if they consume far too much.
One study conducted by O’Brien et al.,2001, examining hyponatremia in otherwise healthy army recruits demonstrates that 77 percent of hyponatremia cases happened in the first four weeks of training and that most of the recruits who were affected had surpassed drinking two quarts of water per hour. The authors concluded that “hyponatremia resulted from too aggressive fluid replacement practices for soldiers in training status.
The fluid replacement policy was revised with consideration given to both climatic heat stress and
physical activity levels.”Sjøblom et al., 1997, explained that accidental water intoxication can sometimes occur
due to abnormal renal failure/kidney dysfunction, diabetes insipidus, or gastroenteritis ( inflammation of the lining of the intestines caused by a virus, bacteria, or parasites). They recognized that, when this happened, hyponatremia is normally treated with gastric lavage, or stomach pumping/gastric irrigation.
Iatrogenic causes of water intoxication are due to complications that occur when illnesses
are treated by medical intervention, such as the use of intravenous fluids or
electrolytes, elemental nutrition, nasogastric tube feeding, or when taking certain
neurological/psychiatric medications. This is unlikely to affect people who have normal
kidney function and are generally healthy, but it’s possible if they experience changes in
antidiuretic hormone secretion, since this causes fluid accumulation.
In some cases, Levy, 2018, water intoxication has occurred due to “water-drinking
contests” that lead people to consume large amounts of water despite becoming ill while
they do it.
In-Hei Hahn, 2020, the study demonstrates that when people take the illegal drug
called MDMA (or “ecstasy”) they put themselves at risk for electrolyte imbalance because
the drug makes them feel very hot, causes increased perspiration, and increases thirst, while
also causing more sodium to be lost via urine and sweat. This can lead to drinking large
amounts of water/fluids, which in some cases may lead to water intoxication.
In rare cases, Levy, 2018, forced water intoxication has been recognized as a form of child
abuse, which commonly leads to brain damage and can be fatal.
Signs & Symptom of Water Intoxication
Cosgray ,1990, opined that mild or moderate hyponatremia is normally asymptomatic (it causes
no noticeable symptoms). The following common water intoxication symptoms have been
reported according to Cosgray, 1990:
Nausea and vomiting.
Headaches, confusion, and disorientation.
Impaired mental state and psychotic symptoms, such as experiencing psychosis, delirium,
inappropriate behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. Sometimes these symptoms can also
contribute to water intoxication because the person doesn’t realize what is happening to
them and doesn’t seek help.
Muscle weakness, cramping, twitching, aches, and fatigue.
Difficulty breathing.
Frequent urination.
Changes in blood pressure and irregular heartbeats.
Severe drowsiness, seizures, respiratory arrest, brain stem herniation, and coma.
Levy, 2018, explained that due to the fact that water intoxication can interfere with normal
neurological functions and nerve signaling, it can present as a psychotic illness in its early stages
that can go unrecognized by doctors. For example, “if someone is admitted to the emergency room
for water intoxication, medical providers might mistake the patient’s symptoms for high fever,
seizure, or mental disorders such as chronic paranoid schizophrenia.
Water intoxication doesn’t just affect adults; it can also occur in babies, especially those under 9
months old, and in children. Symptoms of water intoxication in babies or children can include:
crying, changes in behavior, vomiting, twitching or shaking, irregular breathing, and, in severe
cases, seizures, coma, brain damage, and death”.
Dangers of Water Intoxication
According to Levy, 2018, the following are the negative health impacts associated with water
intoxication:
Developing dangerously low sodium levels due to water flushing too much sodium from
the body. Serum sodium concentration can fall to below 110–120 mmol/liter when the
normal serum reference range is about 132–144 mmol/liter. In severe cases, sodium might
even fall to 90–105 mmol/liter, which can cause a number of serious symptoms and
potentially be deadly.
The kidneys become very stressed due to overhydration because they are responsible for
regulating fluid levels. When you consume too much water in a short period of time the
kidneys struggle to balance electrolytes in the blood, causing the body to become
“waterlogged.”
Experiencing neurological impairment due to the movement of water into the brain cells,
in response to the fall in extracellular osmolality. Hyponatremia causes cells to swell, and
in the brain, this swelling increases intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral edema. Unlike
most other cells in the body, brain cells have very little room to swell and expand inside
the skull, so even slight swelling can be dangerous. Swollen brain cells can cause central
nervous system dysfunction, which is what causes seizures, brain damage, coma, or death.
Damage to the heart valves, including left ventricular hypertrophy.
Fluid buildup in the stomach and abdominal organs.
Raised blood cortisol levels, due to the body experiencing a strong stress response.
How much water does it take to kill you?
Though staying hydrated is significant, there is also a fatal water overdose. Hence, in large
situations, too much water or hyponatremia if left untreated can lead to seizures, coma, and death.
So experts have argued that early detection is key in averting severe hyponatremia. It all depends
on the volume or amount of water taken, and the rate at which the sodium concentration in the
blood decreased. Levy, 2018, argues that for water intoxication symptoms to happened one needs
to drink more than five cups of water per hour.
How Much Water Is Too Much?
Many factors can affect how well someone is able to excrete (remove) excess water from their
body in order to avert hyponatremia/water intoxication. For instance, massive stress and/or have
existing medical conditions both take a toll on the kidneys and nervous system, which can increase
the likelihood that water intoxication symptoms might occur.
Too much to drink within a short period comprises the following, says Levy, 2018:
When someone has normal/healthy kidneys they should be able to excrete about
800 milliliters to 1 liter of fluid each hour. This is equal to about 3.3 to 4.2 cups,
0.21 to 0.26 gallons, or about 0.84 to 1.04 quarts per hour.
Drinking more than this amount will cause an imbalance of electrolytes and likely
some early symptoms associated with hyponatremia. Also, remember that if
someone is heavily exercising (such as running a marathon or training or a sport)
while also drinking lots of water, they will hold onto even more water because their
the body is experiencing a stress response.
Water intoxication is not likely to happen unless someone drinks a large volume of
water within a short period of time (one or two hours). Water intoxication can be
prevented if a person’s intake of water does not grossly exceed their water losses
via urine or sweat.
In one case study by Farrel and Bower, 2003, water intoxication was the cause of a
64-year-old woman dying due to severe hyponatremia. She took about 30–40
glasses of water within several hours before going to sleep. Because she was
experiencing delusions, she kept drinking more and more water even though she
was vomiting and not feeling well.
In 2014, The Daily Mail reported that a 17-year-old high school football player died from
water intoxication after drinking four gallons of fluids to stop cramps during practice.
Gardner, 2002 study which includes much military personnel reveals water intoxication
and three deaths as a result of overhydration and cerebral edema proved a correlation with
more than five liters (usually 10-20 L) of water being consumed during a period of a few
hours.
Also in 2007, Scientific America published an article that mentioned a 28-year-old women
who died after engaging in a water-drinking competition in which she consumed an
estimated six liters of water in three hours. The same article pointed out a 2005 study that
was published in the New England Journal of Medicine that states “one-sixth of marathon
runners develop some degree of hyponatremia or dilution of the blood caused by drinking
too much water.”
So Levy, 2018, agrees that the treatment for hyponatremia and water intoxication starts from
regulating fluid levels in the body, especially raising sodium levels. She notes: “Intake and
excretion of salt versus water must be balanced. Keep in mind that while sodium/salt might have
earned a bad reputation — mostly because it’s found in highest concentrations in processed foods
— sodium is actually an essential nutrient”. some of the roles that sodium has to include:
Helping to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells.
Controlling blood volume.
Regulating blood pressure.
Allowing your muscles and nerves to work properly.
water intoxication treatment involves:
Gastric lavage, or stomach pumping/gastric irrigation.
Sodium correction therapy.
Use of intravenous electrolytes.
Diuretics to increase urination and excess blood volume.
Vasopressin receptor antagonists.
The significance of Hydration
Levy, 2018, was quick to add that, though drinking too much water and experiencing
overhydration can be very dangerous, this doesn’t mean that one should avoid drinking water
regularly throughout the day. She explained: “Dehydration (or hypernatremia) causes its own set
of health problems. In fact, many dehydration symptoms are similar to the symptoms of water
intoxication”.
The usgs.gov, states that Water (H2O) makes up more than 60 percent of the human body, so it’s
“no surprise that we need a steady supply of water to function optimally”. Every day we lose water
through a combination of urine, defecation/bowel movements, sweat, and exhaled breath. Staying
hydrated is important because it helps prevent symptoms like:
Diarrhea
Dizziness and fainting
Brain-dog and disorientation
Edema, bloating, constipation, and fluid retention
Weakness and fatigue
Muscle spasms and cramps
Bad moods or mood swings
High blood pressure
Cravings and appetite changes
The dehydration group?
The following are the People who should drink enough water/fluids (but not too much) are and
she recommended:
Athletes, such as endurance athletes like marathons runners
Anyone who exercises for an extended period of time (more than 60–90
minutes), especially if they are exercising or competing in a humid, hot climate
People who eat a diet high in salt, or those who don’t drink enough water
Elderly people, who might not notice sensations associated with being thirsty
People recovering from illnesses such as a stomach virus or the flu that causes diarrhea
Anyone recovering from surgery
Infants, babies, and young children who might not drink enough fluids if not given to them
Staying Hydrated Without Overhydrating
To avert hyponatremia from happening and leading to water intoxication, the following precaution
should be taken, says, Levy, 2018:
Even during times of heavy sweating and exercise, limit fluid intake to no more than 1 to 1.5
liters per hour (about 4–5 cups).
Drink according to your thirst. If you’re not thirsty at all, don’t force yourself to down
water or fluids.
Aim to balance what you’re drinking with what you’re sweating. Drink the right amount
of water in proportion to how much sodium you’re consuming and how much water you’re
losing (through sweat, urine, etc.). Remember that water is not the only fluid that can cause
an electrolyte imbalance: herbal tea, sports drinks, juice, etc. can also deplete sodium
levels.
Eat a balanced diet that includes water-rich foods and also some sources of real sea salt.
Treat any underlying health conditions like intestinal inflammation, diabetes, kidney
disease, or renal failure.
Get help for mental disorders that might put you at risk.
Take care of your adrenal glands and normalize cortisol levels.
The amount of water to drink a day?
In respect to the amount of water to drink daily, the most common advice according to Valtin,
2002, is to drink eight, eight-ounce glasses of water per day. It is also important to note that, this
is just a general recommendation and not necessarily the best amount for every person. For
instance, in a 2002 review published in the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory,
Integrative and Comparative Physiology, there isn’t much scientific evidence to support drinking
this amount.
We are a unique being and a bit different in terms of how much water we need, “but overall it’s
best to aim for about six to seven glasses or potentially more per day (8 ounces per glass)”, says,
Levy, 2018. She further explained that “You might need less if you eat a water-rich diet, such as
lots of fruit, salads, and smoothies. And you might need more if you exercise frequently, live in a
hot climate, are ill, or eat a salty diet.
Rather than counting glasses of water, pay attention to how
you feel. A good way to know if you’re drinking the right amount of water each day is to pay
attention to the color of your urine: you want your urine to normally be a pale-to-medium yellow
color, as opposed to clear or very dark yellow/orange”.
Hydration in Babies & Children:
For Parents, according to research, it is not a good idea to give their young children water and
other fluids to prevent dehydration, the reason being that, when a baby is breastfeeding the
mother’s breast milk or formula actually provides all the fluid healthy babies need. The Johns
Hopkins Children’s Center advises parents with babies younger than 6 months old to never give
their babies extra water to drink. If babies are thirsty, they need to drink more breast milk or
formula.
According to James P. Keating, MD, the retired medical director of the St. Louis Children’s
Hospital Diagnostic Center, if a baby seems to need additional water then parents should “limit
the child’s intake to two to three ounces at a time and water should be offered only after the baby
has satisfied his hunger with breast-feeding or formula.” Older babies can be given a small amount
of water at times to help prevent constipation or if they are in very hot weather, but it’s usually
best for parents to discuss this with their pediatrician.
According to healthykids.nsw.gov.au, “Children up to about 8 years old should get water from
hydrating foods in their diet (like fruits and veggies) or drink the equivalent of about five to seven
glasses of water per day (eight ounces per glass). Water or fresh-squeezed juice in small amounts
is the best thing for children to drink when they are thirsty, rather than sugary fruit drinks, soft
drinks, sports drinks, iced tea, and flavored beverages”.
Stats/Facts on Water Intoxication
Surveys have found that hyponatremia develops in 15–30 percent of all patients during
hospital stays. Not all cases of hyponatremia will lead to water intoxication but a small
percentage will.
A 2002 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine that investigated
hyponatremia in Boston marathon runners stated: “Hyponatremia has emerged as an
important cause of race-related death and life-threatening illness among marathon
runners.” Christopher et al., 2005, study found that 13 percent of runners finished the race
with hyponatremia, while 0.6 percent had critical hyponatremia (sodium levels of 120
mmol per liter or less).
The study demonstrated that hyponatremia was associated with
“substantial weight gains during the race, consumption of more than 3 liters of fluids during
the race, consumption of fluids every mile, a racing time of >4:00 hours, female sex, and
low body-mass index.” The study also found that hyponatremia was just as likely to occur
in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water.
It is difficult to say just how many water intoxication deaths occur per year, but the number
is believed to be small (under 10 per year in the United States).
Precautions Regarding Water Intoxication
Levy, 2018, further advised: “If you suspect that you or someone else is experiencing water
intoxication, then visit the emergency room for help right away. Look out for sudden symptoms of
an electrolyte balance like confusion and dizziness, especially after high-intensity activities or if
you have conditions like low blood pressure and/or diabetes. Make sure you drink the proper
amount of water during a hospital stay, after surgery, when partaking in a marathon/long-distance
race, or during a bout of dehydration or illness (like a fever)”.
Take home on Water Intoxication
Levy, 2018, notes:
Water intoxication is a severe form of hyponatremia, an electrolyte imbalance caused by
too little sodium in the body in proportion to water.
Water intoxication is most likely to occur when someone consumes more than 1.5 liters of
water within an hour, especially if they are exercising intensely, have renal failure, kidney
damage, diabetes, or a mental condition that affects their judgment.
Symptoms of water intoxication can include confusion, disorientation, nausea, vomiting,
headaches and, in severe cases, brain damage due to swelling, seizures, coma and,
potentially, death.
Hydration is important, but to prevent water intoxication and hyponatremia you should
make sure to drink the right amount of water in proportion to how much sodium you’re
losing, to manage underlying health conditions, eat a balanced diet, and pay attention to
your thirst.
The writer is on a mission to provide you and your family with the highest quality
nutrition tips, scientific herbs, and healthy recipes in the world.
DISCLAIMER This post is for enlightenment purposes only and should not be used as a
replacement for professional diagnosis and treatments. Remember to always consult
your healthcare provider before making any health-related decisions or for counseling,
guidance, and treatment about a specific medical condition.
The writer is an honorary Professor of Holistic Medicine & Naturopathic
Physician. Nyarkotey is also a chartered Management
Consultant(ChMC), Chartered Institute of Management Consultant,
Canada. President, Nyarkotey College of Holistic Medicine and
currently, LLB law student. Contact: 0241083423/0541234556
